TCDD-equivalents (WHO₉₈-TEQ (∑PCDD/Fs)) in herring muscle and guillemot egg

 

Authors:

Anders Bignert, Sara Danielsson, Suzanne Faxneld, Elisabeth Nyberg, The Department of Contaminant Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History

 

Key message

The concentrations of TCDD-equivalents in guillemot eggs show an overall significant decreasing trend (for the whole time period and the last ten years), but the decrease seem to have levelled out during the last 20 years. The concentrations of TCDD-equivalents in herring muscle have not decreased significantly during the recent 20 years in the the Baltic Sea. Significant decreasing concentrations of TCDD-equivalents over time could only be found in one of the herring time series from the Baltic Sea (Ängskärsklubb) in which the monitoring period starts already 1979 and at Fladen at the Swedish west coast. Thus the herring data from the Baltic Proper coincides with the results for guillemot eggs.

The concentrations of TCDD-equivalents are on average higher in the Bothnian Sea compared to the Baltic Proper and the Swedish west coast.

 

Figure 1.  Spatial variation in mean concentration (2008-2010 in pg/g lipid weight) of TCDD-equivalents in herring muscle. The highest concentration (around 63 pg/g) was found in the northern Bothnian Sea (Gaviksfjärden), the lowest (around 3.7 pg/g) in Skagerrak (Väderöarna). Data originates from the Swedish national monitoring programme and are analysed at the Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå.

Results and Assessment

Relevance of the indicator for describing developments in the environment

Analyses of contaminants in biotic samples, in contrast to abiotic matrices, exhibit the bioavailable part of the contaminants. The lipid content of both herring muscle tissue and guillemot eggs is high, about 2-4% and 11-13% respectively, and thus appropriate for analysis of fat-soluble contaminants as dioxins. Herring are also commonly used for human consumption.

Policy relevance and policy references

Dioxins are comprised by the objective of HELCOM’s strategy for hazardous substances, which is to continuously reduce discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances, with a goal of their eventual cessation by the year 2020. The ultimate aim is to achieve concentrations in the environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. This objective was adopted in 1998 and dioxin has been selected as one of the priority substances for immediate action.

Dioxins are also included in The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), an international agreement, requiring measures for reducing or preventing releases of dangerous substances to the environment.

Figure 2. Temporal trends of TCDD-equivalent concentration (pg/g lipid weight) in herring muscle from four different sampling sites (1979/90-2010). Harufjärden (Bothnian Bay), Ängskärsklubb (S. Bothnian Sea), Utlängan (S. Baltic Proper), Fladen (Kattegat). The red linear lines (p<0.05) and light blue dashed line (p<0.05<0.15) presented in two of the figures are based on log-linear regression and shows decreasing trends for the whole time series of about 6% per year (Ängskärsklubb) and 2% per year (Fladen) and for the last ten years a decreasing trends of about 8% per year (Fladen) and 10% per year (Ängskärsklubb) . The blue dashed line is a simple 3-point running mean smoother fitted to the annual geometric mean values, p<0.05<0.1. The horizontal line is the mean concentration over the whole period. A red cross represents a suspected outlier.

 

Figure 3.  Temporal trends of TCDD-equivalent concentration (ng/g lipid weight) in guillemot egg (1969-2010) from St. Karlsö (S. Baltic Proper). The red lines presented in the figure are based on a log-linear regression analysis and shows a decreasing trend of about 3% per year for the whole time period and of about 4% per year for the last ten years. The red non-linear line is a simple 3-point running mean smoother fitted to the annual geometric mean values. The horizontal line is the mean concentration over the whole period. A red cross represents a suspected outlier.

 

Assessment

Significant decreasing trends are observed for TCDD-equivalents in guillemot eggs. However, the concentrations of TCDD-equivalents have levelled out during the recent 20 years. The number of years required to detect an annual change of 10% was 9 years for the guillemot egg time series.

Decreasing concentrations over time could only be observed in herring muscle from one site in the Baltic Sea and at the Swedish west coast. The number of years required to detect an annual change of 10% varied between 10-14 years for the herring time series. The highest concentration (2008-2010) in herring muscle (around 63 pg/g lipid weight) was found in the southern Bothnian Bay (Gaviksfjärden), the lowest (around 4 pg/g lipid weight) in Skagerrak (Väderöarna).

TCDD-equivalents show declining trends on most sampling sites due to measures taken to reduce emissions between 1969 and 1985 but after that, this decline has ceased, contrary to e.g. PCBs. 

References

Bignert, A., Berger, U., Borg, H., Danielsson S., Eriksson, U., Faxneld, S., Haglund, P., Holm, K., Nyberg, E., Nylund, K. 2012. Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota. Report to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. 228 pp.

Data

Trend (in %) assessed from the annual geometric mean of concentrations of TCDD-eqv. (pg (herring) ng (guillemot egg)/g lipid weight) and the estimated mean concentration for the last year (2010). The trend is reported, if p<0.1. The total number of analyses and the number of years are also presented. The numbers presented in brackets are the 95% confidence intervals.

 

Matrix	n analyses	n yrs	year	trend (95% ci)	mean concentration of last year (95% ci)
Herring muscle
Harufjärden	139	20	90-10		33 (24-45)
Ängskärsklubb	31	29	79-10	-6.3 (-8.1, -4.5)*	21 (15-30)
Utlängan	184	21	88-10		26 (21-32)
Fladen	140	21	90-10	-1.9 (-3.7,-.01)*	6.7 (5.4-8.3)
Guillemot egg
St. Karlsö	165	40	69-10	-2.8 (-3.4, -2.2)*	.80 (0.70-0.92)

 * significant trend, p < 0.05

 

Metadata

Technical information

Data source: The National Swedish Monitoring Programme of Contaminants in Biota

Sampling, sample preparation, storage in specimen bank and evaluation of results are carried out by the Department of Contaminant Research at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Chemical Analysis is carried out at the Department of chemistry at University of Umeå.

Geographical coverage: see data table and map.

Temporal coverage: see data table and figures.

Methodology and frequency of data collection, see Bignert et al, 2012.

Methodology of data manipulation. For a detailed description of statistical methods use, see Bignert et al. 2012.

Quality information

The number of years required to detect an annual change of 10% with a power of 80% varied between 10 to 14 years for the herring time series. The number of years required to detect an annual change of 10% with a power of 80% was 9 years for the guillemot egg time series.

 

For reference purposes, please cite this Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets as follows:

[Author’s name(s)], [Year]. [Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets title]. HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 2012. Online. [Date Viewed], http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/ifs/en_GB/cover/.

 

Last updated: 2.11.2012